Banditry became more common, and numerous secret societies and self-defence units formed, all of which led to an increase in small-scale warfare. The Qing military had recently suffered a disastrous defeat in the First Opium War, while the Chinese economy was severely impacted by a trade imbalance caused by the large-scale and illicit importation of opium. Farmers were heavily overtaxed, rents rose dramatically, and peasants started to desert their lands in droves. The Qing government defeated the rebellion with the eventual aid of French and British forces.ĭuring the 19th century, the Qing dynasty experienced a series of famines, natural disasters, economic problems and defeats at the hands of foreign powers these events have come to be collectively known as China's " century of humiliation". The Taiping areas were besieged by Qing forces throughout most of the rebellion. The rebel kingdom announced social reforms and the replacement of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Chinese folk religion by his form of Christianity, holding that he was the second son of God and the younger brother of Jesus. Its capital was at Tianjing (present-day Nanjing).Ī self-proclaimed younger brother of Jesus Christ and convert to Protestant Christianity, Hong Xiuquan led an army that controlled a significant part of southern China during the middle of the 19th century, eventually expanding to a size of nearly 30 million people. The unsuccessful war it waged against the Qing is known as the Taiping Rebellion. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, later shortened to Heavenly Kingdom or Heavenly Dynasty, was an unrecognized rebel state in China and Chinese Christian theocratic absolute monarchy from 1851 to 1864, supporting the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by Hong Xiuquan and his followers.
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